Effect of Muslim Prayer (Salat) positions on the intra-ocular pressure in healthy young individuals

Purpose: There is a lack of research examining the effects of Muslim prayer (Salat) positions on the intra?ocular pressure (IOP). Considering its involvement with postural changes, this study aimed to investigate the changes in the IOP upon assuming Salat positions before, immediately after, and after 2 minutes of prayer in healthy young adults. Methods: This prospective, observational study recruited healthy young individuals aged between 18 and 30 years. The IOP measurements were obtained in one eye using Auto Kerato?Refracto?Tonometer TRK?1P, Topcon at baseline before assuming prayer positions, immediately after, and after 2 minutes of the prayer. Results: Forty female participants were recruited, with a mean age of 21 ± 2.9 years, a mean weight of 59.7 ± 14.8 (kg), and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 23.8 ± 5.7 (kg/m²). Only 16% had a BMI ?25 kg/m² (n = 15). All participants started with a mean IOP at baseline of 19.35 ± 1.65 mmHg, which increased to 20 ± 2.38 mmHg and declined to 19.85 ± 2.67 mmHg after 2 minutes of Salat. The difference between the mean IOPs at baseline, immediately after, and after 2 minutes of Salat was not significant (p = 0.06). However, there was a significant difference between the baseline IOP measurements and those immediately after Salat (p = 0.02). Conclusion: A significant difference was found between the IOP measurements at baseline and immediately after Salat; however, this was not clinically significant. Further investigation is warranted to confirm these findings and explore the effect of a longer duration of Salat in glaucoma and glaucoma suspect patients.

Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players / Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. y Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir un perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de basquetbolistas juveniles costarricenses según sexo, posiciones de juego y categoría de edad. Se evaluaron 99 jugadores juveniles (43 mujeres y 56 hombres; 18 bases, 51 aleros y 30 pívots; 42 categoría U16 y 57 categoría U18) de ocho equipos diferentes. La experiencia deportiva de los jugadores fue de 6.5 ± 3.1 años. Se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones: altura, peso, índice de masa corporal, masa músculo-esquelética, porcentaje de grasa, prueba de contramovimiento (CMJ) y prueba de Yo-Yo de Recuperación Intermitente Nivel I. Los principales resultados mostraron valores significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres en peso, talla, masa músculo-esquelética, distancia recorrida en la prueba Yo-Yo, en el VO2max, altura en el CMJ y en el tiempo de vuelo. El porcentaje de grasa fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Los jugadores pívots presentaron significativamente mayor estatura, peso corporal y porcentaje de grasa que las otras posiciones de juego. Los bases y los aleros cubrieron más metros en la prueba Yo-Yo y tuvieron mayor VO2máx que los pívots. Entre las categorías U16 y U18 no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna variable. Modelos de regresión mostraron la influencia del peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa músculo esquelética y la edad sobre el VO2máx y CMJ. Como conclusión, según el sexo y las posiciones de juego de los jugadores, estos indicadores variaron. Además, esta información será útil para procesos de promoción, desarrollo y diseño de entrenamientos de baloncesto juvenil en Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. e Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever um perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica segundo o sexo, as posições de jogo e a categoria de idade. Foram avaliados 99 jogadores juvenis (43 mulheres e 56 homens; 18 armadores, 51 alas e 30 pivôs; 42 na categoria U16 e 57 na categoria U18) de oito equipes diferentes. A experiência esportiva dos jogadores foi de 6,5 ± 3,1 anos. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: altura, peso, índice de massa corporal, massa musculoesquelética e porcentagem de gordura, teste de salto com contramovimento (SCM) e teste de Yo-Yo de Recuperação Intermitente Nível I. Os principais resultados mostraram valores significativamente maiores em homens do que em mulheres com relação ao peso, tamanho, massa muscular esquelética, distância percorrida no teste Yo-Yo, VO2max, altura no SCM e no tempo de voo. A porcentagem de gordura foi maior em mulheres do que em homens. Os jogadores pivôs apresentaram significativamente maior estatura, peso corporal e porcentagem de gordura do que as outras posições de jogo. Os armadores e os alas cobriram mais metros no teste Yo-Yo e tiveram maior VO2max do que os pivôs. Entre as categorias U16 e U18 não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhuma variável. Modelos de regressão mostraram a influência do peso, da porcentagem de gordura corporal, da massa musculoesquelética e da idade no VO2max e SCM. Conclui-se, portanto, que esses indicadores variam segundo o sexo e as posições dos jogadores. Além disso, essa informação será útil para processos de fomentação, desenvolvimento e desenho de treinamentos de basquete juvenil na Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. & Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. The purpose of this study was to describe an anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players according to sex, play positions and age. The assessment was carried outa on 99 young players (43 women and 56 men; 18 guards, 51 forwards and 30 centers; 42 in the U16 category and 57 in the U18 category) from eight different teams. The sports experience of the players was 6.5 ± 3.1 years. The following parameters were assessed: height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage, countermovement test (CMJ) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level I. The main results showed significantly higher values in men than in women in terms of weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, distance covered in the yo-yo test, VO2max, height in CMJ and in flight time. Body fat percentage was higher in women than in men. Centers showed significantly higher height, weight and body fat percentage than other play positions. Guards and forwards covered more meters in the yo-yo test and showed higher VO2max than centers. No significant differences were found between the U16 and U18 categories in any variable. Regression models showed the influence of weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and age on VO2max and CMJ. In conclusion, these indicators varied according to the sex and play position of the players. Additionally, this information will be useful for processes of promotion, development and training design of youth basketball in Costa Rica.

Morphological characteristics according to basketball playing positions / Características morfológicas según las posiciones de juego del baloncesto

SUMMARY: This paper aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics according to the positions of basketball players. In this work, a sample of 62 basketball players aged 16-17 years, whose body height was 177.31 ± 8.112 cm, while body mass of 72.44 ± 13.27 kg, were divided into five main positions of the basketball game: Organizer of the game (n=13), shooting guard (n=14), small forward (n=14), power forward(n=11) and center (n=10). Tested are from the clubs RTV-21, ProBasket-Pristina, M - Junior from Pristina of the male gender who are following the training program from Basketball. In this research, morphological space variables were applied (n=10). Based on the obtained results, very few significant values were presented in the morphological characteristics between the group of outside players (organizer of the game, small forward and power forward) who covered the 6.75-meter line. However, the group of interior players (power forward and centers) under the basket showed significant values in all morphological variables. In the end, it can be concluded that the results of this research will be able to contribute to a better definition of the morphological characteristics between the groups defined according to the players' positions.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo investigar las características morfológicas según las posiciones de los jugadores de baloncesto. Una muestra de 62 jugadores de baloncesto entre 16-17 años de edad, cuya altura corporal era de 177,31 ± 8,112 cm, y la masa corporal de 72,44 ± 13,27 kg, se dividieron en cinco posiciones principales del juego de baloncesto: Organizador del juego (n=13), escolta (n=14), alero (n=14), ala-pívot (n=11) y centro (n=10). Los evaluados fueron hombres de los clubes RTV-21, ProBasket-Pristina, M - Junior de Pristina quienes están siguiendo el programa de entrenamiento de Baloncesto. En esta investigación se aplicaron variables espaciales morfológicas (n=10). Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se presentaron muy pocos valores significativos en las características morfológicas entre el grupo de jugadores externos (organizador del juego, alero y ala-pívot) que cubrieron la línea de 6,75 metros. Sin embargo, el grupo de jugadores interiores (pívot y pívot) bajo canasta mostró valores significativos en todas las variables morfológicas. Se puede concluir que los resultados de esta investigación podrán contribuir a una mejor definición de las características morfológicas entre los grupos definidos según las posiciones de los jugadores.

The best evidence summary for the prevention of postural nerve injury in adult patients undergoing operation with general anesthesia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To comprehensively retrieve and summarize the best evidence on the prevention of position-related nerve injury in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia, in order to provide evidence-based guidance for standardized position management during general anesthesia surgery in adults.Methods:Clinical decision-making, guidelines, evidence summaries, best practice, practice advisories, systematic reviews, expert consensuses were systematically search in UpToDate, BMJ Best Practice, Guidelines International Network (GIN), Canadian Medical Association: Clinical Practice Guideline(CMA Infobase), National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence(NICE), Cochrane Library, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and related websites. The literature retrieval period was from the database construction to September 30,2022. The guidelines were independently assessed by 4 researchers, and the remaining literature was independently evaluated by 2 researchers. The literature that met the criteria was extracted. Finally, the expert meeting integrated the evidence and summarized the evidence topics.Results:A total of 17 articles were included, including 6 clinical decision-making, 3 guidelines, 2 practice advisories,5 systematic reviews, and 1 expert consensus. A total of 32 pieces of best evidence and 5 evidence topics were formed: personnel placement, perioperative evaluation, points of surgical position, key points in special surgery or situation, other general principles.Conclusion:This study summarized the best evidence for the prevention and management of surgical position related nerve injuries, and provides a scientific theoretical reference for postural management of adult patients undergoing operation with general anesthesia, to reduce the incidence of nerve injuries related position.

Cross-sectional study on the use of masks among occupational groups with high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the wearing of masks and the knowledge of masks among high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission. Methods: From May 14 to 17, 2022, a convenient sampling method was used to conduct an online survey among 963 workers in high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission in Beijing. The behaviors of individual use and wearing masks, the distribution and supervision of the unit, the knowledge of personal mask protection and the subjective feelings of wearing masks were analyzed. The χ(2) test and logistic regression model were used to analyze the influencing factors of the correct selection of masks. Results: The majority of the workers in high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission were male (86.0%, 828/963), age concentration in 18-44 years old (68.2%, 657/963), and the majority of them had college or bachelor degrees (49.4%, 476/963). 79.4%(765/963) of the workers chose the right type of masks, female, 45-59 years old and high school education or above were the risk factors for correct selection of masks (P <0.05). Workers had good behaviors such as wearing/removing masks, but only 10.5% (101/963) could correctly rank the protective effect of different masks. 98.4% (948/963) of the workers believed that their work units had provided masks to their employees, and 99.1% (954/963) and 98.2%(946/963) of them had organized training and supervision on the use of masks, respectively. 47.4%(456/963) of the workers were uncomfortable while wearing masks. Conclusion: The overall selection and use of masks among occupational groups in high-risk positions for overseas import and pollution transmission in China need to be further standardized. It is necessary to strengthen supervision and inspection on the use of masks among occupational groups, and take improvement measures to improve the comfort of wearing masks.

Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players / Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. & Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-15. The purpose of this study was to describe an anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players according to sex, play positions and age. The assessment was carried outa on 99 young players (43 women and 56 men; 18 guards, 51 forwards and 30 centers; 42 in the U16 category and 57 in the U18 category) from eight different teams. The sports experience of the players was 6.5 ± 3.1 years. The following parameters were assessed: height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage, countermovement test (CMJ) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level I. The main results showed significantly higher values in men than in women in terms of weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, distance covered in the yo-yo test, VO2max, height in CMJ and in flight time. Body fat percentage was higher in women than in men. Centers showed significantly higher height, weight and body fat percentage than other play positions. Guards and forwards covered more meters in the yo-yo test and showed higher VO2max than centers. No significant differences were found between the U16 and U18 categories in any variable. Regression models showed the influence of weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and age on VO2max and CMJ. In conclusion, these indicators varied according to the sex and play position of the players. Additionally, this information will be useful for processes of promotion, development and training design of youth basketball in Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. y Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-15. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir un perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de basquetbolistas juveniles costarricenses según sexo, posiciones de juego y categoría de edad. Se evaluaron 99 jugadores juveniles (43 mujeres y 56 hombres; 18 bases, 51 aleros y 30 pívots; 42 categoría U16 y 57 categoría U18) de ocho equipos diferentes. La experiencia deportiva de los jugadores fue de 6.5 ± 3.1 años. Se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones: altura, peso, índice de masa corporal, masa de músculo esquelética y porcentaje de grasa, prueba de contramovimiento (CMJ) y prueba de Yo-Yo de Recuperación Intermitente Nivel I. Los principales resultados mostraron valores significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres en peso, talla, masa muscular esquelética, distancia recorrida en la prueba Yo-Yo, VO2max, altura en el CMJ y en el tiempo de vuelo. El porcentaje de grasa fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Los jugadores pívots presentaron significativamente mayor estatura, peso corporal y porcentaje de grasa que las otras posiciones de juego. Los bases y los aleros cubrieron más metros en la prueba Yo-Yo y tuvieron mayor VO2max que los pívots. Entre las categorías U16 y U18 no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna variable. Modelos de regresión mostraron la influencia del peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa músculo esquelética y la edad sobre el VO2max y CMJ. Como conclusión, según el sexo y las posiciones de juego de los jugadores, estos indicadores variaron. Además, esta información será útil para procesos de promoción, desarrollo y diseño de entrenamientos de baloncesto juvenil en Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. e Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-15. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever um perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica segundo o sexo, as posições de jogo e a categoria de idade. Foram avaliados 99 jogadores juvenis (43 mulheres e 56 homens; 18 armadores, 51 alas e 30 pivôs; 42 na categoria U16 e 57 na categoria U18) de oito equipes diferentes. A experiência esportiva dos jogadores foi de 6,5 ± 3,1 anos. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: altura, peso, índice de massa corporal, massa musculoesquelética e porcentagem de gordura, teste de salto com contramovimento (SCM) e teste de Yo-Yo de Recuperação Intermitente Nível I. Os principais resultados mostraram valores significativamente maiores em homens do que em mulheres com relação ao peso, tamanho, massa muscular esquelética, distância percorrida no teste Yo-Yo, VO2max, altura no SCM e no tempo de voo. A porcentagem de gordura foi maior em mulheres do que em homens. Os jogadores pivôs apresentaram significativamente maior estatura, peso corporal e porcentagem de gordura do que as outras posições de jogo. Os armadores e os alas cobriram mais metros no teste Yo-Yo e tiveram maior VO2max do que os pivôs. Entre as categorias U16 e U18 não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhuma variável. Modelos de regressão mostraram a influência do peso, da porcentagem de gordura corporal, da massa musculoesquelética e da idade no VO2max e SCM. Conclui-se, portanto, que esses indicadores variam segundo o sexo e as posições dos jogadores. Além disso, essa informação será útil para processos de fomentação, desenvolvimento e desenho de treinamentos de basquete juvenil na Costa Rica.

Demandas físicas de jugadores profesionales costarricenses de fútbol: Influencia de la posición de juego y nivel competitivo / Physical Demands of Costa Rican Professional Soccer Players: Influence of the Playing Position and the Competitive Level

Resumen La monitorización de las demandas físicas durante partidos de fútbol con tecnologías GPS proporciona información valiosa que puede ser utilizada para potenciar el rendimiento deportivo. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las demandas físicas de jugadores profesionales costarricenses de fútbol, así como analizar la influencia de la posición de juego y el nivel competitivo durante partidos. Sesenta futbolistas masculinos, 50 de la primera división del fútbol costarricense y 10 de una selección nacional absoluta de CONCACAF (SAC), fueron monitoreados con un Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) para cuantificar variables cinemáticas como la distancia recorrida (m), total y a diferentes intensidades (Z 1-5), velocidad máxima (km/h), impactos totales (g), aceleraciones (m/s) y desaceleraciones (m/s). Las posiciones de juego se categorizaron en: defensas (Def), mediocampistas (Med) y delanteros (Del), y el nivel competitivo en: a) SAC, b) Equipos de nivel élite (ENE) y c) Equipos de nivel sub-élite (ENS). Los resultados reflejaron diferencias significativas respecto al nivel competitivo en la distancia recorrida a diferentes intensidades Z1 (SAC >ENS >ENE), Z2 (ENE >SAC >ENS) y Z4 (ENE >SAC >ENS), aceleraciones (SAC >ENE >ENS) y en desaceleraciones (SAC >ENS >ENE). Por posiciones de juego, las diferencias estuvieron en la distancia total (Med >Def >Del), en la distancia recorrida en Z2 (Med >Def >Del) y Z3 (Med >Def >Del), así como en impactos totales (Med >Def >Del). Se concluye que el nivel competitivo influye sobre las demandas físicas. SAC registró más aceleraciones y desaceleraciones y, ENE recorrió mayor distancia a esfuerzos moderados e intensos. Existen diferencias en las posiciones de juego, los mediocampistas recorrieron mayores distancias y registraron más impactos.

Abstract Monitoring physical demands during soccer matches with GPS technologies provides valuable information that can be used to enhance sports performance. Therefore, this study aimed to know Costa Rican professional soccer players' physical demands and analyze the influence of the playing position and the competitive level during matches. Sixty male soccer players, 50 from the first division of Costa Rican soccer and 10 from an absolute national CONCACAF (SAC) team were monitored with a Global Positioning System (GPS) to quantify kinematic variables such as distance traveled (m), total and different intensities (Z 1-5), maximum speed (km/h), total impacts (g), accelerations (m / s) and decelerations (m/s). The game positions were categorized into defenses (Def), midfielders (Mid) and forward (For), and the competitive level in a) SAC, b) Elite level teams (ENE), and c) Sub-elite level teams (ENS). The results reflected significant differences regarding the competitive level in the distance traveled at different intensities Z1 (SAC >ENS >ENE), Z2 (ENE >SAC >ENS) and Z4 (ENE >SAC >ENS), in accelerations (SAC >ENE >ENS), and in decelerations (SAC >ENS >ENE). By game positions, the differences were in the total distance (Mid >Def >For), in the distance traveled in Z2 (Mid >Def >For) and Z3 (Mid >Def >For), as well as in total impacts (Mid >Def >For). It is concluded that the competitive level influences the physical demands. SAC registered more accelerations and decelerations, and ENE traveled a greater distance with moderate and intense efforts. There were differences between playing positions; midfielder traveled longer distances and recorded more impacts.

Resumo O monitoramento das demandas físicas durante partidas de futebol com tecnologias GPS fornece informações valiosas que podem ser usadas para aprimorar o desempenho atlético. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as demandas físicas dos jogadores de futebol profissional da Costa Rica, bem como analisar a influência da posição de jogo e do nível competitivo durante os jogos. Sessenta jogadores de futebol masculino, 50 da primeira divisão do futebol costarriquenho e 10 da seleção nacional absoluta da CONCACAF (SAC), foram monitorados com um Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) para quantificar variáveis cinemáticas como distância percorrida (m), total já diferentes intensidades (Z 1-5), velocidade máxima (km / h), impactos totais (g), acelerações (m / s) e desacelerações (m / s). As posições de jogo foram categorizadas em: defensores (Def), meio-campistas (Med) e atacantes (Del), e o nível competitivo em: a) SAC, b) Times de elite (ENE) e c) times de nível pré-elite (ENS). Os resultados refletiram diferenças significativas em relação ao nível competitivo na distância percorrida em diferentes intensidades Z1 (SAC> ENS> ENE), Z2 (ENE> SAC> ENS) e Z4 (ENE> SAC> ENS), acelerações (SAC> ENE> ENS) e em desacelerações (SAC> ENS> ENE). Por posições de jogo, as diferenças foram na distância total (Med> Def> Del), na distância percorrida em Z2 (Med> Def> Del) e Z3 (Med> Def> Del), bem como nos impactos totais (Med > Def> Del). Conclui-se que o nível competitivo influencia as demandas físicas. O SAC registrou mais acelerações e desacelerações, e a ENE percorreu uma distância maior com esforços moderados e intensos. Existem diferenças nas posições de jogo, os meio-campistas percorreram distâncias maiores e registraram mais impactos.

Efeito das políticas de provimento ao cargo de diretor na gestão escolar / Efecto de las políticas de selección de directores en la gestión escolar en Brasil / The effect of policies for filling school principal positions on school management in Brazil

Resumo A liderança do diretor escolar constitui um dos fatores centrais para garantir um ambiente educacional adequado ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem. No entanto, ainda há poucos estudos que analisam os determinantes da atuação do diretor. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial efeito das políticas de seleção de diretores sobre a percepção do corpo docente em relação à liderança e ao clima escolar. Os fatores foram criados a partir das respostas aos questionários de contexto aplicados do Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Saeb) de 2013 e de 2015. Também foram analisadas as legislações de provimento ao cargo de diretor nos 26 estados e no Distrito Federal. Os resultados apontaram uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo de escolas que realizou o "concurso público apenas" e o "processo seletivo e eleição", em relação ao grupo que adotou a modalidade de "indicação apenas". Todavia, a alta variação observada nos coeficientes de clima e de liderança entre os entes federados evidencia que o contexto local afeta a percepção do corpo docente sobre estas variáveis. Isso demonstra que, além do processo seletivo, é importante considerar as características de cada localidade para a seleção dos profissionais com as competências e as habilidades apropriadas aos desafios do cargo, que possam vir a contribuir com melhores resultados educacionais dos estudantes.

Resumen El liderazgo del director escolar es uno de los factores centrales para asegurar un ambiente educativo apropiado al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Sin embargo, aún son pocos los estudios que analizan los determinantes del desempeño del director. El presente estudio evaluó el efecto potencial de las políticas de selección de directores sobre la percepción del profesorado en relación con el liderazgo y el clima escolar. Los factores se crearon a partir de las respuestas a los cuestionarios contextuales aplicados por el Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de la Educación Básica (Saeb) de 2013 y 2015. También se analizó la legislación que reglamenta el cargo de director en los 26 estados brasileños y el Distrito Federal. Los resultados mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo de escuelas que realizó el "concurso público" y el "proceso de selección y elección", en relación con el grupo que adoptó la modalidad de "nominación política". Sin embargo, la alta variación observada en los coeficientes de clima y liderazgo entre las entidades federativas evidencia que el contexto local afecta la percepción del cuerpo docente sobre estas variables. Por lo tanto, además del proceso de selección, es importante considerar las características de cada localidad para la selección de profesionales con las competencias y habilidades adecuadas a los desafíos del puesto, que pueden contribuir a mejores resultados educativos para los estudiantes.

Abstract Leadership by a school principal is one of the key factors for ensuring an educational environment conducive to the teaching-learning process. Nevertheless, only a handful of studies have analyzed the determinants of principals' performance. This study evaluated the potential effect of principal selection policies on teacher perceptions of principal leadership and school climate. The factors were created based on responses to the National Basic Education Assessment System (Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - Saeb) contextual questionnaires applied in 2013 and 2015. The legislation for filling school principal positions in the 26 states and the Federal District was also analyzed. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the group of schools that carried out "civil service examination only" and "selection process and election" compared to the group that adopted the "appointment only" modality. However, the high variation observed in the climate and leadership coefficients between the federative entities reveals that the local context affects teacher perceptions of these variables. This demonstrates that in addition to the selection process, it is important to consider each locality's characteristics to select professionals with competencies and skills appropriate to the position's challenges, which may contribute to better educational outcomes for students.

Perfil MBTI e a Tipologia dos Quatro Temperamentos: relações possíveis entre cargos de gestão e não gestão / MBTI Profile and the Four Temperament Typology: possible relationships between management and non-management positions / Perfil MBTI y la tipología de cuatro temperamentos: posibles relaciones entre puestos gerenciales y no gerenciales

A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a existência de um perfil de personalidade e de temperamento que possa ser associado aos ocupantes de cargos de gestão. Para isso foi realizada a análise documentária de 240.233 protocolos do MBTI, do banco de dados da empresa representante da ferramenta no Brasil, emitidos no período de 2007 a 2015. Como a base de dados para este estudo foi documental, não houve necessidade de submetê-lo ao Comitê de Ética, mas apenas da autorização expressa da empresa. Para a análise do temperamento, utilizou-se a teoria de David Keirsey por permitir sua associação com o MBTI. Da totalidade de protocolos analisados, 12,55% ocupavam algum cargo de gestão quando avaliados. Os resultados apontaram que as tipologias de personalidade ESTJ (Extrovertido, Sensorial, Racional, Julgador) e ISTJ (Introvertido, Sensorial, Racional, Julgador) e o temperamento Guardião são as que mais se destacam para todos os tipos de cargos. Conclui-se que não há uma tipologia ou um de temperamento que diferencie pessoas que ocupam cargos de gestão das que não ocupam, porém, há tipologias e temperamentos mais frequentemente observados para os profissionais de diversos cargos.

The present research aims to evaluate the existence of profiles from personality and temperament which can be associated with the occupants of management positions. In order to understand this relation, a documentary analysis has been made using 240,233 MBTI protocols, which represents the database of the company that owns the tool in Brazil from the period of 2007 to 2015. The theory of David Keirsey was used for this purpose and according to the characteristics of this study and the rules of the Ethics Committee, only the express authorization of the company was needed. The results indicate the ESTJ (Extroverted, Sensory, Rational, Judging) and ISTJ (Introverted, Sensory, Rational, Judging) personality typologies and the Guardian temperament are the ones that stand out the most for all types of positions and also 12.55% of the people analyzed in protocols occupied some management position. The conclusion presented there are no typology or temperament profiles that differentiate people who occupy management positions from those who do not. However, there are typologies and temperaments more frequently observed for professionals in different positions.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la existencia de un perfil de personalidad y temperamento que puede asociarse a los ocupantes de los puestos de dirección. Para ello, se realizó un análisis documental de 240.233 protocolos MBTI de la base de datos de la empresa representante de la herramienta en Brasil, emitidos en el periodo de 2007 a 2015. Como la base de datos de este estudio era documental, no fue necesario presentarla al Comité de Ética, solamente de la autorización expresa de la empresa. Para el análisis del temperamento, se utilizó la teoría de David Keirsey porque permite su asociación con el MBTI. De todos los protocolos analizados, 12,55% ocupaba algún cargo directivo en el momento de la evaluación. Los resultados señalaron que las tipologías de personalidad ESTJ (Extrovertida, Sensorial, Racional, Juiciosa) e ISTJ (Introvertida, Sensorial, Racional, Juiciosa) y el temperamento Guardián son los más destacados para todos los tipos de trabajo. Se concluye que no existe una tipología o un temperamento que diferencie a las personas que ocupan cargos directivos de las que no lo hacen, sin embargo, hay tipologías y temperamentos que se observan con mayor frecuencia para profesionales de diversos cargos.

De hombres y mujeres: clínica de las posiciones sexuadas / Of men and women: Clinic of sexed positions

Tanto Freud como Lacan en muchas ocasiones remarcaron diferencias en relación a los hombres y mujeres sobre todo a las formas que responden en relación al deseo, al amor y al goce. Decirse hombre o mujer son hechos de discurso, actos simbólicos, y puede coincidir o no con su sexo anatómico. Hay un solo significante, el falo, que va a distribuir el reparto entre masculino y femenino. Ambos autores se refieren a la diferencia de los sexos a lo largo de su enseñanza, y mostraron en este tema una clínica diferencial de las estructuras subjetivas, así como también diferencia entre los analistas hombres y mujeres. El trabajo desplegará dichas diferencias, deteniéndonos en las modalidades del amor, los celos, y goces femenino y masculino

Both Freud and Lacan on many occasions remarked differences in relation to men and women, especially to the ways they respond in relation to desire, love and enjoyment. Calling yourself male or female are facts of speech, symbolic acts, and may or may not coincide with your anatomical sex. There is only one signifier, the phallus, that is going to distribute the distribution between masculine and feminine. Both authors refer to the difference of the sexes throughout their teaching, and showed on this topic a differential clinical of subjective structures, as well as a difference between male and female analysts. The work will display these differences, stopping at the modalities of love, jealousy, and feminine and masculine joys

Percepciones sobre participación femenina en la dirección del sector de la salud en Cuba, 2017 / Perceptions of female participation in the direction of the health sector in Cuba, 2017

Introducción: La intención política de elevar la representatividad de las mujeres en los cargos de dirección se manifiesta en diferentes espacios de debates. Objetivo: Describir las percepciones de mujeres y hombres sobre la participación femenina en los cargos de dirección en el sector de la salud. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa realizada en el periodo 2013-2017 en el sector de la salud cubano. Se revisaron fuentes de información, se aplicaron 28 entrevistas semiestructuradas a directivos y 13 entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave. Se elaboró una guía de preguntas obtenidas de la literatura científica consultada y del consenso de expertos. Se indagó, a partir de experiencias personales, sobre los cargos que generalmente ocupan los hombres y los que habitualmente ocupan las mujeres. Además, se investigaron las causas que generan una menor representación de las mujeres en los cargos de dirección. Los datos se procesaron a partir del análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se constató la existencia de múltiples documentos que reflejan la voluntad del gobierno cubano de promover a las mujeres a cargos de dirección. Las personas entrevistadas tienden a separar o segregar los cargos en función del género, según los niveles de dirección y las responsabilidades que se adjudican o que despliegan hombres y mujeres en el ejercicio de los cargos. Conclusiones: De las percepciones que se evocan emergen rezagos de una cultura androcéntrica en la que se resaltan diferencias de género en los cargos de dirección de mayor jerarquía en el contexto social del sector de la salud cubano(AU)

Introduction: The political will of raising the women representativeness in leadership positions is manifested in different debate spaces. Objective: To describe the perceptions of women and men on women's participation in leadership positions in the health sector. Methods: Qualitative research conducted in the period 2013-2017 in the health sector in Cuba. The information sources were reviewed; 28 semi-structured interviews to managers and 13 in-depth interviews to key informants were applied. It was created a guide of questions obtained from the scientific literature consulted and after the experts' consensus. In addition, the causes that generate a lower representation of women in leadership positions were investigated. The data were processed on the basis of the analysis of content. Results: It was found the existence of multiple documents that reflect the will of the Cuban government to promote women to positions of leadership. The people interviewed tend to separate or segregate the positions on the basis of gender, according to management levels and responsibilities that are awarded or deployed by men and women in the exercise of the positions. Conclusions: From the mentioned perceptions emerge remnants of an androcentric culture in which are highlighted gender differences in leadership positions of greater hierarchy in the social context of the Cuban health sector(AU)

Percepciones sobre participación femenina en la dirección del sector de la salud en Cuba, 2017 / Perceptions of female participation in the direction of the health sector in Cuba, 2017

RESUMEN Introducción: La intención política de elevar la representatividad de las mujeres en los cargos de dirección se manifiesta en diferentes espacios de debates. Objetivo: Describir las percepciones de mujeres y hombres sobre la participación femenina en los cargos de dirección en el sector de la salud. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa realizada en el periodo 2013-2017 en el sector de la salud cubano. Se revisaron fuentes de información, se aplicaron 28 entrevistas semiestructuradas a directivos y 13 entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave. Se elaboró una guía de preguntas obtenidas de la literatura científica consultada y del consenso de expertos. Se indagó, a partir de experiencias personales, sobre los cargos que generalmente ocupan los hombres y los que habitualmente ocupan las mujeres. Además, se investigaron las causas que generan una menor representación de las mujeres en los cargos de dirección. Los datos se procesaron a partir del análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se constató la existencia de múltiples documentos que reflejan la voluntad del gobierno cubano de promover a las mujeres a cargos de dirección. Las personas entrevistadas tienden a separar o segregar los cargos en función del género, según los niveles de dirección y las responsabilidades que se adjudican o que despliegan hombres y mujeres en el ejercicio de los cargos. Conclusiones: De las percepciones que se evocan emergen rezagos de una cultura androcéntrica en la que se resaltan diferencias de género en los cargos de dirección de mayor jerarquía en el contexto social del sector de la salud cubano.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The political will of raising the women representativeness in leadership positions is manifested in different debate spaces. Objective: To describe the perceptions of women and men on women's participation in leadership positions in the health sector. Methods: Qualitative research conducted in the period 2013-2017 in the health sector in Cuba. The information sources were reviewed; 28 semi-structured interviews to managers and 13 in-depth interviews to key informants were applied. It was created a guide of questions obtained from the scientific literature consulted and after the experts' consensus. In addition, the causes that generate a lower representation of women in leadership positions were investigated. The data were processed on the basis of the analysis of content. Results: It was found the existence of multiple documents that reflect the will of the Cuban government to promote women to positions of leadership. The people interviewed tend to separate or segregate the positions on the basis of gender, according to management levels and responsibilities that are awarded or deployed by men and women in the exercise of the positions. Conclusions: From the mentioned perceptions emerge remnants of an androcentric culture in which are highlighted gender differences in leadership positions of greater hierarchy in the social context of the Cuban health sector.

Supine PCNL (sPCNL): Challenging the “standard” prone (pPCNL)

@#Recently, the global endourology scene has witnessed a resurgence of interest in supine PCNL (sPCNL). The number of urologists who are attracted to this “simplified method” of PCNL is growing and its promoters are suggesting to abandon the standard prone approach. Debates on the two positions have become commonplace in endourology scientific meetings. The advocates consistently emphasize that when compared to the prone position, sPCNL has multiple advantages for the surgeon, the anesthesia team and the patient. In spite of these, it is evident that many still favor prone PCNL (pPCNL) because of its time-tested proven efficacy and safety. In fact, up to this present day, majority of PCNLs are still done in the prone position. This review article intends to analyze the “current state of affairs” of the two PCNL positions, describing their advantages and disadvantages. Presently, applying the principles of “what is safe and efficacious in one’s hands” dictates the choice of which technique is utilized to treat a patient. Conversely, it is more clinically sound if this choice was made instead, in consideration of, the interplay of the following factors such as the patient’s clinical demographics, the anatomical features of the renal collecting system, the stone burden and characteristics and ultimately, the physician’s training, skills and experience.

Instrumentación quirúrgica: de la formación de grado a las competencias requeridas en puestos jerárquicos en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Surgical instrumentation: from undergraduate education to required competences in hierarchical positions in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

La Licenciatura en Instrumentación Quirúrgica se ha propuesto desarrollar las competencias propias del profesional que actúa en un ámbito de gestión, sin descuidar las que sostiene el instrumentador en su práctica asistencial. El objetivo de esta investigación es articular los contenidos que se brindan en instituciones educativas de formación de grado para instrumentadores quirúrgicos, con las competencias que se requieren para desempeñarse en diferentes puestos jerárquicos. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en el cual se procedió a entrevistar a siete profesionales de la salud que ocupan un cargo jerárquico, utilizando una guía de preguntas abiertas cuyos resultados se trabajaron mediante el análisis de contenido. También se compararon los listados de las asignaturas que se brindan en la Licenciatura para Instrumentadores Quirúrgicos en distintas universidades, cotejando los resultados con los de las entrevistas. Estas evidenciaron que los licenciados ocupan cargos jerárquicos de importancia en las instituciones para las que se desempeñan, donde necesitan poner en juego competencias como la comunicación, la gestión y el liderazgo, entre otras. En las licenciaturas ofrecidas a instrumentadores quirúrgicos se dictan asignaturas que brindan a los profesionales conocimientos generales acerca de gestión, administración, investigación y educación, concluyendo que la formación de grado sirve como base a la hora de adentrarse en el mundo laboral; no obstante, el contenido de las asignaturas varía según cada institución; por lo tanto, el nivel de formación de los licenciados resulta dispar y muchos deben realizar otros cursos o capacitaciones para complementarla. (AU)

The incorporation of a bachelor's degree for surgical-instrumentation practitioners, the academic field aims to develop the competencies required by professionals in management positions while improving the ones of surgical-instrumentation practitioners in an operating room. The following research articulated the academic training provided by different higher education institutions with the competences required to perform in several hierarchical positions. We conducted a qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study: we carried out interviews with seven health-professionals who work in different hierarchical roles, using open-ended questions, whose answers were studied through content analysis; and we analyzed the study-plans for Surgical Instrumentation degrees offered by a select group of universities. We also compared the lists of the subjects of the different universities that are offered in the degree for surgical instrumenters, collating the results with the interviews. The interviews revealed that graduates often get middle-level management roles that require not only the competences directly related to their surgical-assistance practice, but also a set of skills regarding human-management, such as administration, communication and leadership among others. Generally, in the analyzed bachelor's degrees curricula, the contents are properly organized and provide students with abilities in management, administration, investigation and education, concluding undergraduate academic education is an added value in graduates' resume for labor insertion. However, it exits a variation in the subject's content between higher education institutions, which creates a disparity in the academic level between graduates from different universities and force some of them to take further courses and trainings to complement their academic background. (AU)

Mapa conceptual como herramienta de aprendizaje gerencial de los procesos de promoción en Cuba / Conceptual map as a managerial learning tool of the promotion processes in Cuba

Introducción: El análisis del proceso de promoción de las mujeres a los cargos de dirección es un proceso complejo, que debe comprender y cumplir todas sus etapas, con énfasis en las de selección y aprobación. Solo así podrá funcionar de forma coherente y podrán alcanzarse los propósitos deseados. Objetivo: Elaborar un recurso didáctico para la toma de decisiones en las etapas de selección y aprobación del proceso de promoción de las mujeres a cargos de dirección. Métodos: se aplicó la revisión bibliográfica y el análisis de contenido de fuentes secundarias del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se utilizó el modelo Big6 para trazar la estrategia de búsqueda. Resultados: Se obtuvo una base conceptual como herramienta didáctica para facilitar el aprendizaje y la toma de decisión, a través del modelado de los conceptos y relaciones que caracterizan el objeto de estudio y obtenidos a partir de las consultas de las fuentes documentales. Los resultados se presentaron en un mapa conceptual que permitió organizar el conocimiento. Conclusiones: Contar con un recurso didáctico para el aprendizaje de las relaciones conceptuales y jerárquicas que se establecen en las etapas de selección y aprobación del proceso de promoción de las mujeres a los cargos de dirección evita establecer estructuras cognitivas erradas en quienes participan en el proceso, siendo los mapas conceptuales una herramienta gráfica que facilita la gestión del conocimiento en los procesos gerenciales y en la selección de alternativas como parte de la toma de decisiones(AU)

Introduction: The analysis of the promotion process of women to leadership positions is a complex one, which must include and comply with all its stages, with emphasis on the selection and approval. Only thus it can operate in a coherent manner and will be able to achieve the desired purposes. Objective: To develop a teaching resource for decision-making in the stages of selection and approval of women´s promotion process to leadership positions. Methods: It was applied a review of the literature and a content analysis of secondary sources from the Ministry of Public Health. It was used the Big6 model to trace the search strategy. Results: It was obtained a conceptual basis as a teaching tool to facilitate learning and decision-making, through the modelling of the concepts and relationships that characterize the object of study and that were obtained from the consultations of the documentary sources. The results were presented in a conceptual map that allowed organizing knowledge. Conclusions: Having an educational resource for learning the conceptual and hierarchical relations that are set forth in the selection and approval stages of the process of women´s promotion to leadership positions prevents the establishment of wrong cognitive structures in those involved in the process, being the conceptual maps a graphical tool that facilitates the management of knowledge in managerial processes and in the selection of alternatives as part of the decision-making process(AU)

Posições sexuais, estilos corporais e risco para o HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens no Recife (Brasil) / Sexual positions, body styles and HIV risk among men who have sex with men in Recife (Brazil)

Resumo O artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisa etnográfica na comunidade gay do Recife (PE), realizada por meio de observação participante e entrevistas. Objetiva compreender condutas sexuais de risco de homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) ao HIV, focando os sentidos das posições sexuais no intercurso anal — receptivo (IAR) e insertivo (IAI). Praticantes de IAR desprotegido são sujeitos a maior risco de infecção que praticantes de IAI. Os que praticam ambos, IAR e IAI, são elos amplificadores (maiores chances de receber e passar o vírus) nas cadeias de transmissão. O texto aborda as categorias êmicas, relacionadas com as identidades de gênero — pintosa (gay feminino), boy (gay masculino) e cafuçu (HSH e com mulheres, não gay, masculino, classe popular) — e com as identidades sexuais — ativo (IAI), passivo (IAR) e versátil (IAI e IAR) —, nos modos como significam as posições sexuais e produzem atração sexual. Os homens masculinos são os sexualmente desejados. Boys tendem a se relacionar com boys, e pintosas, com cafuçus. Há expressivo número de versáteis, o que amplia o risco coletivo dentro da comunidade gay. Por meio das relações entre pintosas e cafuçus, pode existir um caminho propício para o vírus circular mais entre a comunidade gay e a sociedade mais ampla.

Abstract The article presents the results of an ethnographic study of the gay community in Recife (PE), conducted via participant observation and interviews. It seeks to understand sexual risk conduct among men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV, focusing on the significance of sexual positions during anal-receptive intercourse (ARI) and anal-insertive intercourse (AII). Those who practice unprotected ARI are subject to a greater risk of infection than those who practice AII. Those who practice both, ARI and AII, are amplifiers (greater chances of receiving and passing on the virus) in the transmission chains. The text addresses the emic categories related with gender identities - pintosa (female gay), boy (male gay), and cafuçu (MSM and with women, non-gay, male, lower social class) - and with gender identities - active (AII), passive (ARI), and versatile (AII and ARI) - in the ways they result in sexual positions and produce sexual attraction. Masculine men are the most sexually desirable. Boys tend to relate with boys, and pintosas with cafuçus. There is a significant number of versatiles, which increases the collective risk within the gay community. By means of the relations between pintosas and cafuçus, there is increased danger for the virus to circulate more among the gay community and society in general.

Comparison of pulse pressure variation and pleth variability index in the prone position in pediatric patients under 2 years old / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The assessment of intravascular volume status is very important especially in children during anesthesia. Pulse pressure variation (PPV) and pleth variability index (PVI) are well known parameters for assessing intravascular volume status and fluid responsiveness. We compared PPV and PVI for children aged less than two years who underwent surgery in the prone position. METHODS: A total of 27 children were enrolled. We measured PPV and PVI at the same limb during surgery before and after changing the patients’ position from supine to prone. We then compared PPV and PVI at each period using Bland-Altman plot for bias between the two parameters and for any correlation. We also examined the difference between before and after the position change for each parameter, along with peak inspiratory pressure, heart rate and mean blood pressure. RESULTS: The bias between PPV and PVI was −2.2% with a 95% limits of agreement of −18.8% to 14.5%, not showing significant correlation at any period. Both PPV and PVI showed no significant difference before and after the position change. CONCLUSIONS: No significant correlation between PVI and PPV was observed in children undergoing surgery in the prone position. Further studies relating PVI, PPV, and fluid responsiveness via adequate cardiac output estimation in children aged less than 2 years are required.

Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis in different occupational positions among populations from jinchang cohort / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the incidence and rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis to the workers in different occupational positions in Jinchang Cohort.@*Methods@#In January 2014, a cohort of follow-up population in jinchang city was taken as the research object, 17843 individuals among follow-up populations in Jinchang Cohort Study, removed the individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis before 2013, and counted the new incidence individuals diagnosed by the A-Class hospital in Grade III in Jinchang City, Gansu Province, as the investigation objects to investigate the incidence rate & rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis. The statistical significance was tested by chi-square test.@*Results@#The 2-year incidence rate of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pneumoconiosis in the population of Jinchang Cohort Study were 11.60‰, 13.51‰ for male and 8.46‰ for female. the ranks of 2-year incidence rates of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumoconiosis and other phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 7.06‰、3.42‰、0.84‰、0.34‰, respectively. Incidence rate of chronic bronchitis among administrators and executive staffs were 10.45‰; incidence rate of chronic bronchitis among service staffs were 10.45‰; incidence rate of pneumoconiosis among mining staffs were 3.44‰.@*Conclusion@#The first incidence rank of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumoconiosis in Jinchang cohort is chronic bronchitis, and the risk factors are smoking and occupational exposure.

O arquétipo da vida e da morte: Um estudo da Psicologia Simbólica / The archetype of life and death: A study of Symbolic Psychology / El arquetipo de la vida y de la muerte: Un Estudio de la Psicología Simbólica

O autor elabora a posição dualista de Freud e dialética de Jung e Sabina Spilrein diante do Arquétipo da Vida e da Morte por intermédio da conceituação de cinco posições arquetípicas da consciência (Eu-Outro): posição indiferenciada, insular, polarizada, dialética e contemplativa, cada uma, em duas atitudes, passiva e ativa. Para isto, o autor expande conceitos fundamentais da Psicologia Analítica e da Psicanálise, principalmente os conceitos de arquétipo e de defesa, num corpo teórico, que denomina Psicologia Simbólica. A seguir, o autor associa sumariamente as cinco etapas da vida (infância, adolescência, vida adulta, maturidade e velhice) a estas posições da consciência, junto com os seus quatro Arquétipos Regentes correspondentes: Arquétipo Matriarcal e posição insular. Arquétipo Patriarcal e posição polarizada. Arquétipo da Alteridade (Anima e Animus) e posição dialética. Arquétipo da Totalidade e posição contemplativa. Especial ênfase é dada ao Arquétipo do Coniunctio, descrito de forma típica nas fases do processo por intermédio de quatro formas de expressão: Coniunctio Insular, Coniunctio Parental, Coniunctio Conjugal e Coniunctio Cósmico. Em conclusão, o autor descreve a função estruturante do Arquétipo da Vida e da Morte, e seu papel na elaboração simbólica, sobretudo na passagem de uma fase para a outra, dando especial ênfase ao estado terminal à discussão da eutanásia médica e da autoeutanásia. ■

The author elaborates on Freud's dualistic position and Jung's and Sabina Spilrein's dialectical position concerning the Archetype of Life and Death through five archetypal positions of the I-Other relationship, namely, the undifferentiated insular, polarized, dialectical and contemplative positions, each in the active and passive attitude. In order to accomplish this elaboration, the author expands some fundamental concepts of Analytical Psychology, such as the Archetype, and of Psychoanalysis, such as defense mechanism. Then, the author describes five phases of life (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, maturity and old age) and associates them with the archetypal I-Other positions and their correspondence to the four Regent Archetypes; Matriarchal, Patriarchal, Alterity (Anima and Animus) and Totality Archetypes. Special emphasis is given to the Coniunctio Archetype, which is described in the phases of life through four types: Insular Coniunctio, Parental Coniunctio, Coupling Coniunctio and Cosmic Coniunctio. In this description, the author emphasizes the elaboration of the Archetype of Life and Death, mainly in the archetypal transition from one phase to the next. In conclusion, the author considers the necessity of medical euthanasia and self-euthanasia as one of the main conquests of human rights to encounter death with dignity within the Cosmic Coniunctio. ■

El autor elabora la posición dualista de Freud y dialéctica de Jung y Sabina Spilrein ante el Arquetipo de la Vida y de la Muerte por medio de la conceptualización de cinco posiciones arquetípicas de la conciencia (Yo-Otro): Posición indiferenciada, insular, polarizada, dialéctica y contemplativa, cada una, en dos actitudes, pasiva y activa. Para que esto se realice, el autor expande conceptos fundamentales de la Psicología Analítica y del Psicoanálisis, principalmente los conceptos de arquetipo y de defensa, en un cuerpo teórico, que denomina Psicología Simbólica. A continuación, el autor asocia sumariamente las cinco etapas de la vida (infancia, adolescencia, vida adulta, madurez y vejez) a estas posiciones de la conciencia, junto con sus cuatro Arquetipos Regentes correspondientes: Arquetipo Matriarcal y posición insular. Arquetipo patriarcal y posición polarizada. Arquetipo de la Alteridad (Anima y Animus) y posición dialéctica. Arquetipo de la Totalidad y posición contemplativa. Se hace especial énfasis en el Arquetipo del Coniunctio, descrito de forma típica en las fases del proceso por medio de cuatro formas de expresión: Coniuntio Insular, Coniunctio Parental, Coniunctio Conjugal y Coniunctio Cósmico. En conclusión, el autor describe la función estructurante del Arquetipo de la Vida y de la Muerte, y su papel en la elaboración simbólica, sobre todo en el paso de una fase a otra, dando especial énfasis al estado terminal a la discusión de la eutanasia médica y de la auto- la eutanasia. ■

Recrutamento e perfil dos dirigentes públicos brasileiros nas áreas econômicas e sociais entre 1995 e 2012 / La contratación y el perfil de los funcionarios públicos de alto nivel brasileños en las áreas económicas y sociales de 1995 a 2012 / Recruitment and profile of Brazilian higher public administrators in economic and social areas from 1994 to 2012

Resumo O artigo analisa o perfil dos dirigentes públicos de quatro ministérios: Fazenda e Planejamento, representando a área econômica, e Saúde e Educação, como exemplos da área social. Baseado em dados empíricos, propõe uma comparação de perfil dos ocupantes desses altos cargos no período de 1995 a 2012. A pesquisa demonstra as especificidades do padrão de recrutamento nessas duas áreas do campo burocrático e evidencia que os dirigentes públicos da área econômica são provenientes de setores sociais mais favorecidos, apresentam padrão mais técnico e são menos engajados em questões de ordem política, social e sindical. Mas nem por isso são intelectualmente superiores em termos de titulação. Nossos dados permitem dialogar com as teses de Pierre Bourdieu sobre as elites do campo burocrático e ajudam a desmontar mitos sobre a maior qualificação acadêmica dos setores burocráticos da área econômica e financeira.

Resumen El artículo analiza el perfil de los funcionarios públicos de cuatro ministerios: Finanzas y Planificación, en representación del área económica, y la Salud y la Educación, como ejemplos del área social. Basado en datos empíricos, sugiere una comparación del perfil de los ocupantes de estos puestos de responsabilidad en el período de 1995 a 2012. La investigación muestra la especificidad de lo patrón de reclutamiento en estas dos áreas del campo burocrático y evidencia que los funcionarios públicos de la zona económica provienen de los sectores sociales más privilegiados, tienen un carácter más técnico y son menos dedicados a las cuestiones de la orden política, social y sindical. Pero no por ello son intelectualmente superiores en términos de titulación. Nuestros datos permiten dialogar con las tesis de Bourdieu sobre las élites del campo burocrático y ayudan a desmontar mitos sobre la mayor calificación académica de los sectores burocráticos del área económica y financiera.

Abstract This article analyzes the profile of the public managers of four ministries: Finance and Planning, representing the economic area, and Health and Education, as examples of the social area. Based on empirical data, a comparison of the profile of the occupants of these senior positions from 1995 to 2012 is proposed. The research demonstrates the specificities of the recruitment pattern in these two areas of the bureaucratic field and shows that the public leaders of the economic area come from the most favored social sectors, present a more technical pattern and are less engaged in political, social and union matters. However, they are not intellectually superior in terms of qualifications. The data allow to discuss Bourdieu`s theses on the elites of the bureaucratic field and help to demonstrate the myths about the greater academic qualification of the bureaucratic sectors of the economic and financial areas.